Bare soil surface reflectance composite for the extent of Russia’s arable lands derived from Landsat 5 and Landsat 8 surface reflectance data (Level-2 SR) for the 1984–2025 period. The composite was generated using spectral index thresholds: NDVI < 0.333 and NBR2 < 0.088. For the Level‑1 product, only cloud masking and a minimum observation-count filter (≥3) were applied. The product contains 37 bands, comprising statistical metrics for six spectral bands (median, mean, standard deviation, 1st and 3rd quartiles, interquartile range) and an additional number of images per pixel band. The composite contains approximately 3,935 million of valid pixels and covers 2,129 thousand km².