Bare soil surface reflectance composite for the extent of Russia’s arable lands derived from Landsat 5 and Landsat 8 surface reflectance data (Level-2 SR) for the 1984–2025 period. The composite was generated using spectral index thresholds: NDVI < 0.333 and NBR2 < 0.088. For Level‑2 composite, cloud masking was complemented by OpenStreetMap-based removal of non-target objects, with stricter filtering by observation count (≥8) and deletion of small objects (<25 pixels). The product contains 37 bands, comprising statistical metrics for 6 spectral bands (median, mean, standard deviation, 1st and 3rd quartiles, interquartile range) and an additional number of images per pixel band. The composite contains approximately 2,793 million of valid pixels and covers 1,524 thousand km².